- Qt 6.9
- Window Embedding
- Qt 6.9.3 Reference Documentation

# Window Embedding

A demonstration of how to embed non-Qt UI elements into Qt applications.

Qt offers a wide range of UI controls for both Qt Widget and Qt Quick-based applications, but sometimes it may be desirable to use controls from other UI toolkits, such as the platform's native UI toolkit.

To integrate these controls, we build upon the QWindow abstraction in Qt, by creating a QWindow representation of the native UI control, that can then be embedded within the Qt UI. A window created in this manner is known in Qt as a foreign window, as it represents a control created by a foreign (to Qt) UI toolkit.

#### Creating a foreign window

To create the QWindow representation we use QWindow::fromWinId(), passing a reference to a native window handle, represented by the opaque WId type.

Each platform defines what native type the WId opaque type maps to.

Platform | WId type
--- | ---
macOS | `NSView``*`
Windows | `HWND`
X11 | `xcb_window_t`
iOS | `UIView``*`
Android | View

The result is a QWindow that represents the native window handle.

Note: Qt does not take (exclusive) ownership of the native window handle when creating a foreign window, so the application is responsible for keeping the native window alive for the lifetime of the foreign QWindow.

Now, before we can create a QWindow using QWindow::fromWinId() we need a native window handle. In this example, we will embed a month calendar control, as most platforms have it in their native UI toolkits, or otherwise readily available. The specifics of how to create the calendar on each platform are shown in the code snippets below.

To ensure that the native handle stays alive, but is also cleaned up properly on application exit, we maintain a list of cleanup functions that we execute before returning from `main()`.

In addition to creating the native window handle and turning that into a QWindow, we also set a minimum size on the resulting QWindow, based on that the native toolkit can tell us about the preferred minimum size of the calendar control. This allows Qt to lay out the embedded foreign window properly.

##### macOS

     #include <AppKit/NSDatePicker.h>
     #include <AppKit/NSLayoutConstraint.h>

     QWindow *createCalendarWindow()
     {
         auto *datePicker = [NSDatePicker new];
         cleanupFunctions.push_back([=]{ [datePicker release]; });

         datePicker.datePickerStyle = NSDatePickerStyleClockAndCalendar;
         datePicker.datePickerElements = NSDatePickerElementFlagYearMonthDay;
         datePicker.drawsBackground = YES;
         datePicker.dateValue = [NSDate now];

         auto *calendarWindow = QWindow::fromWinId(WId(datePicker));
         calendarWindow->setMinimumSize(QSizeF::fromCGSize(datePicker.fittingSize).toSize());

         return calendarWindow;
     }

##### Windows

     #include <windows.h>
     #include <commctrl.h>

     QWindow *createCalendarWindow()
     {
         static bool initializedDateControl = []{
             INITCOMMONCONTROLSEX icex;
             icex.dwSize = sizeof(icex);
             icex.dwICC = ICC_DATE_CLASSES;
             return InitCommonControlsEx(&icex);
         }();
         Q_ASSERT(initializedDateControl);

         HWND monthCalendar = CreateWindow(MONTHCAL_CLASSW,
             nullptr, MCS_NOTODAYCIRCLE | MCS_NOTODAY, 0, 0, 0, 0,
             nullptr, nullptr, GetModuleHandle(nullptr), nullptr);
         cleanupFunctions.push_back([=]{ DestroyWindow(monthCalendar); });

         auto *calendarWindow = QWindow::fromWinId(WId(monthCalendar));

         RECT minimumSize;
         MonthCal_GetMinReqRect(monthCalendar, &minimumSize);
         const auto dpr = calendarWindow->devicePixelRatio();
         calendarWindow->setMinimumSize(QSize(
             minimumSize.right / dpr,minimumSize.bottom / dpr));

         return calendarWindow;
     }

##### X11

     #include <gtk/gtk.h>
     #include <gtk/gtkx.h>

     QWindow *createCalendarWindow()
     {
         static bool initializedGTK = []{
             qputenv("GDK_BACKEND", "x11");
             return gtk_init_check(nullptr, nullptr);
         }();
         Q_ASSERT(initializedGTK);

         auto *plug = gtk_plug_new(0);
         g_signal_connect(GTK_WIDGET(plug), "delete-event", G_CALLBACK(+[]{
             return true; // Don't destroy on close
         }), nullptr);
         cleanupFunctions.push_back([=]{ gtk_widget_destroy(GTK_WIDGET(plug)); });

         auto *calendar = gtk_calendar_new();
         gtk_container_add(GTK_CONTAINER(plug), GTK_WIDGET(calendar));
         gtk_widget_show_all(plug);

         auto *calendarWindow = QWindow::fromWinId(gtk_plug_get_id(GTK_PLUG(plug)));

         GtkRequisition minimumSize;
         gtk_widget_get_preferred_size(calendar, &minimumSize, NULL);
         calendarWindow->setMinimumSize(QSize(minimumSize.width, minimumSize.height));

         return calendarWindow;
     }

##### iOS

     #include <UIKit/UIDatePicker.h>

     QWindow *createCalendarWindow()
     {
         auto *datePicker = [UIDatePicker new];
         cleanupFunctions.push_back([=]{ [datePicker release]; });

         datePicker.datePickerMode = UIDatePickerModeDate;
         datePicker.preferredDatePickerStyle = UIDatePickerStyleInline;
         datePicker.backgroundColor = UIColor.systemBackgroundColor;

         auto *calendarWindow = QWindow::fromWinId(WId(datePicker));
         calendarWindow->setMinimumSize(QSizeF::fromCGSize(datePicker.frame.size).toSize());

         return calendarWindow;
     }

##### Android

     Q_DECLARE_JNI_CLASS(CalendarView, "android/widget/CalendarView")
     Q_DECLARE_JNI_CLASS(Color, "android/graphics/Color")

     QWindow *createCalendarWindow()
     {
         using namespace QtJniTypes;
         using namespace QNativeInterface;

         auto *androidApp = qGuiApp->nativeInterface<QAndroidApplication>();
         Q_ASSERT(androidApp);

         auto *calendarView = new CalendarView(androidApp->context());
         cleanupFunctions.push_back([=]{ delete calendarView; });

         // Resolving Android default colors is not trivial, so let's ask Qt
         QColor paletteColor = qGuiApp->palette().color(QPalette::Window);
         int backgroundColor = Color::callStaticMethod<int>("rgb",
             paletteColor.red(), paletteColor.green(), paletteColor.blue());
         calendarView->callMethod<void>("setBackgroundColor", backgroundColor);

         auto *calendarWindow = QWindow::fromWinId(WId(calendarView->object()));
         calendarWindow->setMinimumSize(QSize(200, 220));

         return calendarWindow;
     }

#### Embedding a foreign window

Now that we have a foreign QWindow, we can embed that into a Qt UI. We have several options here, as described below.

##### Embedding in Qt Gui

At the lowest level, we can embed the foreign window by reparenting it into another QWindow, via QWindow::setParent(). This approach leaves it up to the application developer to handle positioning, resizing, and other aspects of managing the embedded child window, so we generally advice against integrating on this level, if at all possible.

In this example we first create a minimal container window implementation.

     class ContainerWindow : public QRasterWindow
     {
     protected:
         bool event(QEvent *event) override
         {
             if (event->type() == QEvent::ChildWindowAdded) {
                 auto *childWindow = static_cast<QChildWindowEvent*>(event)->child();
                 childWindow->resize(childWindow->minimumSize());
                 setMinimumSize(childWindow->size().grownBy(contentsMargins));
                 resize(minimumSize());
             }

             return QRasterWindow::event(event);
         }

         void showEvent(QShowEvent *) override
         {
             findChild<QWindow*>()->setVisible(true);
         }

         void resizeEvent(QResizeEvent *) override
         {
             auto *containedWindow = findChild<QWindow*>();
             containedWindow->setPosition(
                 (width() / 2)  - containedWindow->width() / 2,
                 (height() / 2) - containedWindow->height() / 2
             );
         }

         void paintEvent(QPaintEvent *) override
         {
             QPainter painter(this);
             painter.fillRect(0, 0, width(), height(), "#00414A");
         }
     };

Which we can then reparent our foreign window into.

     ContainerWindow window;
     window.setTitle("Qt Gui");

     auto *calendarWindow = createCalendarWindow();
     calendarWindow->setParent(&window);

##### Embedding in Qt Widgets

For applications built on the Qt Widgets UI stack we follow the same approach as for QWindow::fromWinId(), by creating a QWidget representation of the QWindow, via QWidget::createWindowContainer().

We could then reparent the widget into another widget, via QWidget::setParent(), with the same caveats as the Qt Gui example above of having to manage positioning, resizing, etc. manually. In this example we prefer to add the window container widget to a QVBoxLayout, which allows us to automatically center the foreign window inside the top level widget.

     QWidget widget;
     widget.setPalette(QColor("#CDB0FF"));
     widget.setWindowTitle("Qt Widgets");
     widget.setLayout(new QVBoxLayout);
     widget.layout()->setContentsMargins(contentsMargins);
     widget.layout()->setAlignment(Qt::AlignCenter);

     auto *calendarWidget = QWidget::createWindowContainer(createCalendarWindow());
     widget.layout()->addWidget(calendarWidget);

##### Embedding in Qt Quick

Finally, for applications built on the Qt Quick UI stack, we use the WindowContainer item to manage the foreign window.

     Window {
         title: "Qt Quick"
         color: "#2CDE85"

         required property QtObject calendarWindow;

         property int contentsMargins: 20

         minimumWidth: calendarWindow.minimumWidth + contentsMargins * 2
         minimumHeight: calendarWindow.minimumHeight + contentsMargins * 2

         WindowContainer {
             id: calendar
             window: calendarWindow
             width: window.minimumWidth
             height: window.minimumHeight
             anchors.centerIn: parent
         }
     }

In this example the foreign window is exposed to the QML engine as a context property, but this could be solved in different ways depending on the needs of the application.

     QQmlApplicationEngine engine;
     engine.setInitialProperties({{ "calendarWindow", QVariant::fromValue(createCalendarWindow()) }});
     engine.loadFromModule("windowembedding", "Main");

Example project @ code.qt.io