- Qt 6.9
- Platform Integration
- Qt Platform Abstraction
- Qt 6.9.3 Reference Documentation

# Qt Platform Abstraction

The Qt Platform Abstraction (QPA) is the main platform abstraction layer in Qt.

The API can be identified by the `QPlatform*` class prefix, and is used for implementing higher level classes typically found in Qt GUI, e.g. `QPlatformWindow` for window system integration exposed through QWindow, or `QPlatformTheme` for deeper platform theming and integration, exposed through QStyleHint and QStyle.

There are no source or binary compatibility guarantees for the QPA classes, meaning that the API is only guaranteed to work with the Qt version it was developed against. API changes will however only be made in minor releases. (5.1, 5.2, and so on.)

## API Overview

- Window system integration
  - QPlatformIntegration
  - QPlatformAccessibility
  - QPlatformBackingStore
  - QPlatformClipboard
  - QPlatformCursor
  - QPlatformDrag
  - QPlatformFontDatabase
  - QPlatformGraphicsBuffer
  - QPlatformInputContext
  - QPlatformOffscreenSurface
  - QPlatformOpenGLContext
  - QPlatformScreen
  - QPlatformServices
  - QPlatformSharedGraphicsCache
  - QPlatformSurface
  - QPlatformWindow
- Style/theming
  - QPlatformTheme
  - platform palettes
  - platform fonts
  - theme hints
- Native dialogs and menus
  - QPlatformDialogHelper
  - QPlatformMenu
  - QPlatformMenuBar
  - QPlatformMenuItem

Note: In addition to the QPA APIs, there are many other platform abstractions in Qt, for example the event dispatcher abstractions in Qt Core and the rendering hardware abstractions in RHI. The QPA APIs are mostly focused on window system integration and related support.

## QPA Plugins

Concrete implementations of the interfaces listed above live in QPA plugins, or platform plugins, adding support for the various platforms Qt runs on. QPA plugins are implemented by subclassing the `QPlatform*` classes.

The following table summarizes the platform plugins available:

Plugin Name | Plugin Class Name | Description
--- | --- | ---
`qandroid` | QAndroidPlatformIntegration | Android support
`qbsdfb` | QBsdFbIntegration | BsdFb support
`qcocoa` | QCocoaIntegrationPlugin | macOS support
`qdirect2d` | QWindowsDirect2DIntegrationPlugin | Similar to the `qwindows` plugin, but replaces the raster paint engine with a Direct2D-based paint engine for QPixmap and QBackingStore.
`qdirectfb` | QDirectFbIntegrationPlugin | DirectFB is centered around surfaces, which are the equivalent of a QPaintDevice.
`qeglfs` | QEglFSIntegrationPlugin | EGLFS support for embedded Linux devices.
`qhaiku` | QHaikuIntegration | Haiku support
`qios` | QIOSIntegrationPlugin | iOS support
`qlinuxfb` | QLinuxFbIntegrationPlugin | LinuxFB support for embedded Linux devices.
`qvnc` | QVncIntegration | VNC support

`qwayland`

- QWaylandIntegrationPlugin
- QWaylandBrcmEglPlatformIntegrationPlugin
- QWaylandEglPlatformIntegrationPlugin
- QWaylandXCompositeEglPlatformIntegrationPlugin
- QWaylandXCompositeGlxPlatformIntegrationPlugin

Wayland support

`qwindows` | QWindowsIntegrationPlugin | Windows support
`qxcb` | QXcbIntegrationPlugin | X Window System (X11) support

### Selecting a QPA plugin

Qt will select a default QPA plugin, depending on the platform. The `QT_QPA_PLATFORM` environment variable and the `-platform` command line argument allow you to override this default. See QGuiApplication for more details.

You can pass a semicolon-separated list to install a plugin. In this case, the installer will go through the items in the list and install the first available plugin.

Example:

     -qpa xcb;wayland

The above line checks whether the `xcb` plugin is available, if it isn't, it then checks for the wayland plugin.

### Writing a QPA plugin

There is no detailed tutorial documentation for writing QPA plugins at this time. However, there are two minimal plugins shipped with Qt for testing and other special purposes that you can use as examples:

- `qtbase/src/plugins/platforms/minimal/`
- `qtbase/src/plugins/platforms/minimalegl/`

The `qminimal` plugin is used for tools that link against Qt GUI, but do not require window system integration (for example, `qmlplugindump`). It also has diagnostic support for dumping window contents to image files as determined by environment variables.