- NAME
- SYNOPSIS
- DESCRIPTION
- NOTES

- General
- Performing multiple verifications
- On `EVP_PKEY_CTX_set_signature()`

- RETURN VALUES
- EXAMPLES

- RSA with PKCS#1 padding for SHA256
- RSA-SHA256 with a pre-computed digest
- RSA-SHA256, one-shot
- RSA-SHA256, using update and final

- SEE ALSO
- HISTORY
- COPYRIGHT

# NAME

EVP_PKEY_verify_init, EVP_PKEY_verify_init_ex, EVP_PKEY_verify_init_ex2, EVP_PKEY_verify, EVP_PKEY_verify_message_init, EVP_PKEY_verify_message_update, EVP_PKEY_verify_message_final, EVP_PKEY_CTX_set_signature - signature verification using a public key algorithm

# SYNOPSIS

     #include <openssl/evp.h>

     int EVP_PKEY_verify_init(EVP_PKEY_CTX *ctx);
     int EVP_PKEY_verify_init_ex(EVP_PKEY_CTX *ctx, const OSSL_PARAM params[]);
     int EVP_PKEY_verify_init_ex2(EVP_PKEY_CTX *ctx, EVP_SIGNATURE *algo,
                                  const OSSL_PARAM params[]);
     int EVP_PKEY_verify_message_init(EVP_PKEY_CTX *ctx, EVP_SIGNATURE *algo,
                                      const OSSL_PARAM params[]);
     int EVP_PKEY_CTX_set_signature(EVP_PKEY_CTX *pctx,
                                    const unsigned char *sig, size_t siglen);
     int EVP_PKEY_verify_message_update(EVP_PKEY_CTX *ctx,
                                        unsigned char *in, size_t inlen);
     int EVP_PKEY_verify_message_final(EVP_PKEY_CTX *ctx);
     int EVP_PKEY_verify(EVP_PKEY_CTX *ctx,
                         const unsigned char *sig, size_t siglen,
                         const unsigned char *tbs, size_t tbslen);

# DESCRIPTION

`EVP_PKEY_verify_init()` initializes a public key algorithm context ctx for verification using the algorithm given when the context was created using EVP_PKEY_CTX_new(3) or variants thereof. The algorithm is used to fetch a EVP_SIGNATURE method implicitly, see provider(7)/Implicit fetch for more information about implicit fetches.

`EVP_PKEY_verify_init_ex()` is the same as `EVP_PKEY_verify_init()` but additionally sets the passed parameters params on the context before returning.

EVP_PKEY_verify_init_ex2() is the same as `EVP_PKEY_verify_init_ex()`, but works with an explicitly fetched EVP_SIGNATURE algo. A context ctx without a pre-loaded key cannot be used with this function. Depending on what algorithm was fetched, certain details revolving around the treatment of the input to `EVP_PKEY_verify()` may be pre-determined, and in that case, those details may normally not be changed. See NOTES below for a deeper explanation.

`EVP_PKEY_verify_message_init()` initializes a public key algorithm context ctx for verifying an unlimited size message using the algorithm given by algo and the key given through EVP_PKEY_CTX_new(3) or EVP_PKEY_CTX_new_from_pkey(3). Passing the message is supported both in a one-shot fashion using `EVP_PKEY_verify()`, and through the combination of `EVP_PKEY_verify_message_update()` and `EVP_PKEY_verify_message_final()`. This function enables using algorithms that can process input of arbitrary length, such as ED25519, RSA-SHA256 and similar.

`EVP_PKEY_CTX_set_signature()` specifies the siglen bytes long signature sig to be verified against by `EVP_PKEY_verify_message_final()`. It must be used together with `EVP_PKEY_verify_message_update()` and `EVP_PKEY_verify_message_final()`. See NOTES below for a deeper explanation.

`EVP_PKEY_verify_message_update()` adds inlen bytes from in to the data to be processed for verification. The signature algorithm specification and implementation determine how the input bytes are processed and if there's a limit on the total size of the input. See NOTES below for a deeper explanation.

`EVP_PKEY_verify_message_final()` verifies the processed data, given only ctx. The signature to verify against must have been given with `EVP_PKEY_CTX_set_signature()`.

`EVP_PKEY_verify()` is a one-shot function that performs the same thing as `EVP_PKEY_CTX_set_signature()` call with sig and siglen as parameters, followed by a single `EVP_PKEY_verify_message_update()` call with tbs and tbslen, followed by `EVP_PKEY_verify_message_final()` call.

# NOTES

## General

Some signature implementations only accumulate the input data and do no further processing before verifying it (they expect the input to be a digest), while others compress the data, typically by internally producing a digest, and signing the result, which is then verified against a given signature. Some of them support both modes of operation at the same time. The caller is expected to know how the chosen algorithm is supposed to behave and under what conditions.

For example, an RSA implementation can be expected to only expect a digest as input, while ED25519 can be expected to process the input with a hash, i.e. to produce the digest internally, and while RSA-SHA256 can be expected to handle either mode of operation, depending on if the operation was initialized with EVP_PKEY_verify_init_ex2() or with `EVP_PKEY_verify_message_init()`.

Similarly, an RSA implementation usually expects additional details to be set, like the message digest algorithm that the input is supposed to be digested with, as well as the padding mode (see EVP_PKEY_CTX_set_signature_md(3) and EVP_PKEY_CTX_set_rsa_padding(3) and similar others), while an RSA-SHA256 implementation usually has these details pre-set and immutable.

The functions described here can't be used to combine separate algorithms. In particular, neither EVP_PKEY_CTX_set_signature_md(3) nor the OSSL_PARAM parameter "digest" (OSSL_SIGNATURE_PARAM_DIGEST) can be used to combine a signature algorithm with a hash algorithm to process the input. In other words, it's not possible to specify a ctx pre-loaded with an RSA pkey, or an algo that fetched `RSA` and try to specify SHA256 separately to get the functionality of RSA-SHA256. If combining algorithms in that manner is desired, please use EVP_DigestVerifyInit(3) and associated functions, or EVP_VerifyInit(3) and associated functions.

## Performing multiple verifications

When initialized using `EVP_PKEY_verify_init_ex()` or EVP_PKEY_verify_init_ex2(), `EVP_PKEY_verify()` can be called more than once on the same context to have several one-shot operations performed using the same parameters.

When initialized using `EVP_PKEY_verify_message_init()`, it's not possible to call `EVP_PKEY_verify()` multiple times.

## On `EVP_PKEY_CTX_set_signature()`

Some signature algorithms (such as LMS) require the signature verification data be specified before verifying the message. Other algorithms allow the signature to be specified late. To allow either way (which may depend on the application's flow of input), the signature to be verified against must be specified using this function when using `EVP_PKEY_verify_message_update()` and `EVP_PKEY_verify_message_final()` to perform the verification.

# RETURN VALUES

All functions return 1 for success and 0 or a negative value for failure. However, unlike other functions, the return value 0 from `EVP_PKEY_verify()`, `EVP_PKEY_verify_recover()` and `EVP_PKEY_verify_message_final()` only indicates that the signature did not verify successfully (that is tbs did not match the original data or the signature was of invalid form) it is not an indication of a more serious error.

A negative value indicates an error other that signature verification failure. In particular a return value of -2 indicates the operation is not supported by the public key algorithm.

# EXAMPLES

## RSA with PKCS#1 padding for SHA256

Verify signature using PKCS#1 padding and a SHA256 digest as input:

     #include <openssl/evp.h>
     #include <openssl/rsa.h>

     EVP_PKEY_CTX *ctx;
     unsigned char *md, *sig;
     size_t mdlen, siglen;
     EVP_PKEY *verify_key;

     /*
      * NB: assumes verify_key, sig, siglen md and mdlen are already set up
      * and that verify_key is an RSA public key
      */
     ctx = EVP_PKEY_CTX_new(verify_key, NULL /* no engine */);
     if (ctx == NULL)
         /* Error occurred */
     if (EVP_PKEY_verify_init(ctx) <= 0)
         /* Error */
     if (EVP_PKEY_CTX_set_rsa_padding(ctx, RSA_PKCS1_PADDING) <= 0)
         /* Error */
     if (EVP_PKEY_CTX_set_signature_md(ctx, EVP_sha256()) <= 0)
         /* Error */

     /* Perform operation */
     ret = EVP_PKEY_verify(ctx, sig, siglen, md, mdlen);

     /*
      * ret == 1 indicates success, 0 verify failure and < 0 for some
      * other error.
      */

## RSA-SHA256 with a pre-computed digest

Verify a digest with RSA-SHA256 using one-shot functions. To be noted is that RSA-SHA256 is assumed to be an implementation of `sha256WithRSAEncryption`, for which the padding is pre-determined to be RSA_PKCS1_PADDING, and the input digest is assumed to have been computed using SHA256.

     #include <openssl/evp.h>
     #include <openssl/rsa.h>

     EVP_PKEY_CTX *ctx;
     /* md is a SHA-256 digest in this example. */
     unsigned char *md, *sig;
     size_t mdlen = 32, siglen;
     EVP_PKEY *signing_key;

     /*
      * NB: assumes verify_key, sig, siglen, md and mdlen are already set up
      * and that verify_key is an RSA public key
      */
     ctx = EVP_PKEY_CTX_new(signing_key, NULL /* no engine */);
     alg = EVP_SIGNATURE_fetch(NULL, "RSA-SHA256", NULL);

     if (ctx == NULL)
         /* Error occurred */
     if (EVP_PKEY_verify_init_ex2(ctx, alg, NULL) <= 0)
         /* Error */

     /* Determine buffer length */
     if (EVP_PKEY_verify(ctx, sig, siglen, md, mdlen) <= 0)
         /* Error or signature doesn't verify */

     /* Perform operation */
     ret = EVP_PKEY_verify(ctx, sig, siglen, md, mdlen);

     /*
      * ret == 1 indicates success, 0 verify failure and < 0 for some
      * other error.
      */

## RSA-SHA256, one-shot

Verify a document with RSA-SHA256 using one-shot functions. To be noted is that RSA-SHA256 is assumed to be an implementation of `sha256WithRSAEncryption`, for which the padding is pre-determined to be RSA_PKCS1_PADDING.

     #include <openssl/evp.h>
     #include <openssl/rsa.h>

     EVP_PKEY_CTX *ctx;
     /* in the input in this example. */
     unsigned char *in, *sig;
     /* inlen is the length of the input in this example. */
     size_t inlen, siglen;
     EVP_PKEY *signing_key;
     EVP_SIGNATURE *alg;

     /*
      * NB: assumes signing_key, in and inlen are set up before
      * the next step. signing_key must be an RSA private key,
      * in must point to data to be digested and signed, and
      * inlen must be the size of the data in bytes.
      */
     ctx = EVP_PKEY_CTX_new(signing_key, NULL /* no engine */);
     alg = EVP_SIGNATURE_fetch(NULL, "RSA-SHA256", NULL);

     if (ctx == NULL || alg == NULL)
         /* Error occurred */
     if (EVP_PKEY_verify_message_init(ctx, alg, NULL) <= 0)
         /* Error */

     /* Perform operation */
     ret = EVP_PKEY_verify(ctx, sig, siglen, in, inlen);

     /*
      * ret == 1 indicates success, 0 verify failure and < 0 for some
      * other error.
      */

## RSA-SHA256, using update and final

This is the same as the previous example, but allowing stream-like functionality.

     #include <openssl/evp.h>
     #include <openssl/rsa.h>

     EVP_PKEY_CTX *ctx;
     /* in is the input in this example. */
     unsigned char *in, *sig;
     /* inlen is the length of the input in this example. */
     size_t inlen, siglen;
     EVP_PKEY *signing_key;
     EVP_SIGNATURE *alg;

     /*
      * NB: assumes signing_key, in and inlen are set up before
      * the next step. signing_key must be an RSA private key,
      * in must point to data to be digested and signed, and
      * inlen must be the size of the data in bytes.
      */
     ctx = EVP_PKEY_CTX_new(signing_key, NULL /* no engine */);
     alg = EVP_SIGNATURE_fetch(NULL, "RSA-SHA256", NULL);

     if (ctx == NULL || alg == NULL)
         /* Error occurred */
     if (EVP_PKEY_verify_message_init(ctx, alg, NULL) <= 0)
         /* Error */

     /* We have the signature, specify it early */
     EVP_PKEY_CTX_set_signature(ctx, sig, siglen);

     /* Perform operation */
     while (inlen > 0) {
         if (EVP_PKEY_verify_message_update(ctx, in, inlen)) <= 0)
             /* Error */
         if (inlen > 256) {
             inlen -= 256;
             in += 256;
         } else {
             inlen = 0;
         }
     }
     ret = EVP_PKEY_verify_message_final(ctx);

     /*
      * ret == 1 indicates success, 0 verify failure and < 0 for some
      * other error.
      */

# SEE ALSO

EVP_PKEY_CTX_new(3), EVP_PKEY_encrypt(3), EVP_PKEY_decrypt(3), EVP_PKEY_sign(3), EVP_PKEY_verify_recover(3), EVP_PKEY_derive(3)

# HISTORY

The `EVP_PKEY_verify_init()` and `EVP_PKEY_verify()` functions were added in OpenSSL 1.0.0.

The `EVP_PKEY_verify_init_ex()` function was added in OpenSSL 3.0.

The EVP_PKEY_verify_init_ex2(), `EVP_PKEY_verify_message_init()`, `EVP_PKEY_verify_message_update()`, `EVP_PKEY_verify_message_final()` and `EVP_PKEY_CTX_set_signature()` functions where added in OpenSSL 3.4.

# COPYRIGHT

Copyright 2006-2025 The OpenSSL Project Authors. All Rights Reserved.

Licensed under the Apache License 2.0 (the "License"). You may not use this file except in compliance with the License. You can obtain a copy in the file LICENSE in the source distribution or at https://www.openssl.org/source/license.html.